It is with great pleasure and enthusiasm that I welcome you to the fifth volume of the African Journal of Science, Technology, and Engineering (AJSTE) for the year 2024. As Chief Editor, it is both an honor and a privilege to present to you the latest advancements, research findings, and insights within the diverse realms of science, technology, and engineering from across the African continent and beyond.

In this volume, we continue our commitment to fostering a platform for the exchange of knowledge, ideas, and innovations that are driving progress and development in various fields. Our goal remains steadfast: to showcase the rich tapestry of scientific endeavors and technological innovations emerging from Africa, while also facilitating collaboration and dialogue among researchers, academics, practitioners, and policymakers worldwide.

The articles featured in this volume represent a broad spectrum of disciplines, ranging from fundamental scientific research to applied engineering solutions. From groundbreaking discoveries in biomedical sciences to cutting-edge developments in renewable energy technologies, each contribution reflects the ingenuity and dedication of researchers striving to address the complex challenges facing our societies today.

As we navigate through an era defined by rapid technological advancements and global interconnectedness, the role of science, technology, and engineering in driving sustainable development and promoting socio-economic prosperity has never been more critical. Through AJSTE, we aim to amplify the voices of African scientists, engineers, and innovators, highlighting their contributions to the global scientific community and advocating for greater investment in research and development across the continent.

I extend my sincere gratitude to the authors, reviewers, editorial board members, and staff whose unwavering dedication and expertise have contributed to the success of this journal. It is through your collective efforts that AJSTE continues to uphold its commitment to excellence and integrity in scholarly publishing.

I invite you to explore the diverse array of articles presented in this volume and engage with the latest advancements shaping the landscape of science, technology, and engineering in Africa and beyond.

Thank you for your continued support and readership.