It is with great pleasure and enthusiasm that I welcome you to the fifth volume of the African Journal of Science, Technology, and Engineering (AJSTE) for the year 2024. As Chief Editor, it is both an honor and a privilege to present to you the latest advancements, research findings, and insights within the diverse realms of science, technology, and engineering from across the African continent and beyond.

In this volume, we continue our commitment to fostering a platform for the exchange of knowledge, ideas, and innovations that are driving progress and development in various fields. Our goal remains steadfast: to showcase the rich tapestry of scientific endeavors and technological innovations emerging from Africa, while also facilitating collaboration and dialogue among researchers, academics, practitioners, and policymakers worldwide.

The articles featured in this volume represent a broad spectrum of disciplines, ranging from fundamental scientific research to applied engineering solutions. From groundbreaking discoveries in biomedical sciences to cutting-edge developments in renewable energy technologies, each contribution reflects the ingenuity and dedication of researchers striving to address the complex challenges facing our societies today.

As we navigate through an era defined by rapid technological advancements and global interconnectedness, the role of science, technology, and engineering in driving sustainable development and promoting socio-economic prosperity has never been more critical. Through AJSTE, we aim to amplify the voices of African scientists, engineers, and innovators, highlighting their contributions to the global scientific community and advocating for greater investment in research and development across the continent.

I extend my sincere gratitude to the authors, reviewers, editorial board members, and staff whose unwavering dedication and expertise have contributed to the success of this journal. It is through your collective efforts that AJSTE continues to uphold its commitment to excellence and integrity in scholarly publishing.

I invite you to explore the diverse array of articles presented in this volume and engage with the latest advancements shaping the landscape of science, technology, and engineering in Africa and beyond.

Thank you for your continued support and readership.

African Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering (AJSTE) is an academic peer reviewed publication that hosts original, innovative research and scholarly articles that contribute to growth of knowledge in Science, Technology, Engineering and related disciplines. The journal provides an interactive platform for researchers to showcase the latest innovations and developments in the disciplines. The articles featured in this issue showcases groundbreaking research dedicated to advancing our understanding of the complex scientific phenomena describing assessment of land use and land cover changes in geographical section of Uasin Gishu County of Kenya, management of malaria in pregnancy, the role of public participation in health communication campaigns and use of rule based classification technique in identifying “sprawl” areas.

African Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering (AJSTE) is an academic
multidisciplinary peer-reviewed yearly publication that seeks to publish original, innovative
research and academic scholarship that contributes to the growth of knowledge in Science,
Technology and Engineering and related fields. Her key audiences are: Scientists in academia
and industry, researchers, students, government agencies/policymakers and citizens with a
passion for “STEM”.
This second edition is aligned with the newest research, interspersed with contemporary
concerns and latest global transposition in Science, Technology and Engineering. It carries
original and full-length articles that reflect the latest research and developments in both
theoretical and practical aspects of global science. It promotes research awareness and
compatibility platform through a concise and methodical interface to cater for all categories
of scholars in science, while encouraging innovativeness and quality research work.
The topical issues in this Journal include : investigation and prosecution of sexual offences in
relation to forensic medical evidence ,attitudes of nurses towards pressure ulcer prevention
guidelines, effects of exotic tree’s litter quality on responses of the adjacent native grasses,
properties of operators in norm-attainable algebras and their applications, effect of varying
thickness on performance of titanium dioxide solar cell, investigating the effect of an IR
emitting element to the time constant of solar energy harvesting device lifetime, and
knowledge sharing using social media as strategy.

The Journal is both in print and online versions.

African Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering (AJSTE) is an academic multidisciplinary peer-reviewed yearly publication that seeks to publish original, innovative research and academic scholarship that contributes to the growth of knowledge in Science, Technology and Engineering and related fields. Her key audiences are: Scientists in academia and industry, researchers, students, government agencies/policymakers and citizens with a passion for “STEM”.This third edition is aligned with the newest   research, interspersed   with   contemporary   concerns   and   latest global transposition in Science, Technology and Engineering.  It carries original and full-length articles that reflect the latest research and developments in both theoretical and practical aspects of global science.   It promotes research awareness and compatibility platform through a concise and methodical interface to cater for all categories of scholars in science, while encouraging innovativeness and quality research work. 

The topical issues in this Journal include : Application of aquacrop model yield optimization or prediction of optimal sowing dates under alternative soil moisture regimes in Laikipia, Kenya; influence of anthropogenic activities on Nyangongo wetland ecosystem in Nyaribari Chache Sub-County, Kisii County, Kenya; use of ICT in the classroom: The teacher and learner; optical and electrical characterization of tin sulfide; factors influencing utilization of library e-resources in academic delivery: the case of Multimedia University of Kenya.

The Journal is both in print and online versions. 

African Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering (AJSTE) is an academic multidisciplinary peer-reviewed biannual publication that publishes original, innovative research and academic scholarship that contribute to growth of knowledge in Science, Technology and Engineering and related disciplines. Her key audiences are: Scientists and Engineers in academia and industry, researchers, students, government agencies/policymakers and citizens with a passion for “STEM”.

 This first edition contains the newest   research, in   contemporary     transposition in Science, Technology and Engineering of global interests.  It carries original and full-length articles that reflect the latest research and developments in both theoretical and practical aspects of global science.   It promotes research awareness and compatibility platform through a concise and methodical interface to cater for all categories of scholars in science, while encouraging innovativeness and quality research.

The topical issues in this Journal include : Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (emt)in pathogenesis of endometriosi), management of chronic comorbid conditions, isolation and identification of heavy metal resistant bacteria risks and existing health services, deep neural networks for predictive sequence modeling, intelligent decision support (IDS) in software risk management, effect of the graphite dispersed titanium dioxide solid solar cell composition on the generated potential (v_oc)and optimal control for efficiency and reliability in the storage of perishable good, assessment of Forest Rehabilitation and Restocking Success along Mt. Kenya East Forest Reserve using Remote Sensing Data., Effect of Goat Manure-Based Vermicompost on Soil Chemical Properties Under Garlic Production in the Upper Eastern Region of Kenya, Intelligent 2D Outdoor Location Tracking System,  Precision of 3-Configurations with Respective Sub-Configurations of 2-Ring Concentric Planar Array in Direction Finding, Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles from Extracts of Fruits of Annona muricata: A green nanobiotechnology approach, Socioeconomic Determinants of Adoption of Eco-Friendly Farming Practices in Agroecosystems of Embu County, Kenya and Soil Concentration of Selected Heavy Metals in Chuka, Nakuru and Thika Municipal Dumpsites